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Materialism, Naturalism and Transcendentalism — First Conversation, Part Two — 2-1
The Fine-Tuning of the Emergence of the Universe and the Possibility of Life

The Fine-Tuning Argument (FTA) is based on the idea that the universe emerged in an astonishingly specific set of conditions, with a probability described as almost zero, which nevertheless made life possible.

For example, the emergence of the universe with low entropy at its beginning, a condition that makes life possible, is presented here as something that remains unexplained. Sir Roger Penrose, the distinguished British mathematician whose work on black holes played a decisive role in the formulation of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorem, attempted to calculate the probability of a universe beginning with low entropy. His estimate, as presented here, was the extraordinarily improbable figure of one in 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 123. It is worth noting that the entire universe is estimated here to contain around 10 to the power of 80 elementary particles. In this comparison, even if one searched the entire universe and its 200 billion galaxies for a single proton or electron, billions of times, and randomly found it every time within the boundless expanse of the cosmos, that would still be more probable than the formation of a low-entropy universe.

This part of the discussion considers several aspects of the Fine-Tuning Argument. It should be emphasised that the Fine-Tuning Argument by itself is not presented as proof of the existence of God. It is argued, however, that compared with atheistic theories it is more compatible with transcendentalist theories—that is, theories which hold that the origin of the material universe lies beyond its material structure.